The Hohenstaufen rulers increasingly lent land to ministerialia, formerly non-free service men, whom Frederick hoped would be more reliable than dukes. Initially used mainly for war services, this new class of people would form the basis for the later knights, another basis of imperial power. A further important constitutional move at Roncaglia was the establishment of a new peace mechanism for the entire Empire, the Landfrieden, which attempted to abolish private feuds, between the many dukes and beyond, and to tie the Emperor's subordinates to a legal system of jurisdiction and public prosecution of criminal acts — a predecessor of the modern concept of "rule of law." Another new concept of the time was the systematic foundation of new cities, both by the Emperor and the local dukes. These were partly caused by the explosion in population, but they also concentrated economic power at strategic locations, while formerly cities had only existed in the form of old Roman foundations or older bishoprics. Cities that were founded in the 12th century include Freiburg, possibly the economic model for many later cities, and Munich.
Golden Bull of 1356
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ~For other uses, see Golden Bull.
| Golden Bull of 1356 | |
The golden seal that earned the decree the name
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| Created | January 10, 1356 (chapters 1-23); December 25, 1356 (chapters 24-31) |
| Location | Austrian State Archives, Vienna (Bohemian and Mainz editions); Academic library of the Darmstadt University of Technology (Cologne edition); Bavarian State Archives, Munich (Electorate of the Palatinate edition and Nuremberg copy); Baden-Württemberg Main State Archives, Stuttgart (Trier edition); Frankfurt Institute for the History of the City (copy) |
| Author(s) | Delegates of the Imperial Diet held in Nuremberg and Metz |
| Purpose | Franchise of the seven Prince-electors voting for the King of the Romans |
In June 2013 the Golden Bull was included in the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[1]
Why Were So Many Austrians Hitler-Friendly?
Today I stood on Vienna’s Heroes Square where, in 1938, more than 200,000 tearfully happy Austrians gathered before Adolf Hitler. The Nazi dictator stood on the palace balcony and stated, “In front of German history, I declare my former homeland now a part of the Third Reich. One of the pearls of the Third Reich will be Vienna.” From that day on, Austrians were forbidden to say the word “Austria.”
In 1938, Vienna gave Hitler a rousing welcome.
This
final wing of the Habsburgs' palace, the Hofburg, was built — with
imperial grandeur in mind — just a few years before World War I and the
end of the Habsburg dynasty. Twenty years after the last Habsburg stood
here, Hitler spoke from its balcony. Today, after so much megalomania
crashed and burned, the theme of the Habsburg military museum is "war is
something for museums." This architectural last hurrah of the Habsburgs
— which hosts three museums — is now filled with armor, Greek statues,
and musical instruments.
[sidebar: Habsburg, Hapsburg, KING OF JERUSALEM and then the Habsburg-Hapsburg-SPAIN, and how this family maintains the ability to be so noble as to cut out the heart and in silver caskets the immortal organ of ? LOVE ? gets buried to do what exactly?
Spook the people or we're not thinking about these vile evil creatures that must own human slaves and kingdoms and superstitions that cause the species Homo Sapiens to be other than 'enlightened' and here we are 2014. Quite a length of time from the Holy Roman Empire of complete and utter MILITARY and that was about all.
>> HOLY alright, in the ideology of desecrating nature as though nature is second in earth, to the so self proclaimed "Chosen" ~be these reptiles dress in fancy treads or not. I awaken from sleep and think we can't be this stupid, the masses. I fall to sleep and think we can't be this stupid, the masses. To-date the masses don't appear to be in my awakening nor sleeping dream come true: wake the quick up from a ton of stupid!
... tobecontinued ....]
Humans have been caged, their mouths have been made to eat and speak only about tweets and never algorithms, hands work for only the killers that mass murder the species Homo Sapiens. Call this earth insanity criminal enterprising as a civilization. In a word:
ReplyDeleteHumans that have no Self Love, but rather the inner is a blinding Self Loathing and the toxic shame won't allow the Loathing of Self to do other than lie, cheat, steal and kill, SAME SPECIES, to cure the criminal insanity of Self Loathing, then the obvious repeat of history doesn't stop.
ReplyDeleteHoly Ghost or Holy Spirit BUT not the Papal Bullshit
ReplyDeleteWonder whether or not infinity is about the bullshitters gazing at their own BS forever and ever and ever
ReplyDelete